一夫多妻 411

三十二歳のハガルゴーダはバツイチです。. 彼女の20代半ばで結婚, 彼女は男の子を出産し、3年後に夫と離婚. 彼女は息子を高め、夫を探して過去6年間を費やしてきた. これまでの, 彼女は息子を育てる助けて喜んでである彼女は十分に好きな人を見つけていない.

彼女はmisyarに入力するための潜在的なソリューションです。 (旅行者) 結婚: 彼女は自宅で彼女の息子と一緒にしたいと彼女は多くの時間を過ごすことができるでしょう結婚. キャッチ? 彼女の新しい夫は彼女にマンションを購入する義務はありません, また彼女と一緒に住んでいるまたは彼女にお金を使う. 彼女の答え: "私の死体を超える。"

月中旬に, などの見出し "ダル·アル·IFTAは、売春を合法化"と "Misyar: 別の名前で売春 "はどこにでもあった, ローカル新聞は猛烈におそらく新しいファトワにeditorializingと (宗教的布告) と言ってmisyarの結婚は、イスラム教によって認可されました.

Misyarマッチメイキング

イスラム教スンニ派は常にmut'aを認識するために、その拒否に断固としている (喜び) 指定された終了日付の結婚 - 結婚, 頻繁にホームを設定し、子供を育てるよりも一時的な動機を持つ夫婦が締結. イスラム教のシーア派の宗派で、法的として認識さ, それは、しばしば時間の短い期間の妻を "購入"男性によって悪用された結婚のタイプです。. misyar結婚とは異なり、, mut'aの結婚には証人としない保護者を必要としません.

misyar結婚, 他方では, 一見、さらに権利の女性を取り除き. むしろ短期的な結婚からお金を得るより, 妻は財政の面で絶対に何を取得しません. 彼女は喜んで彼女の夫と一緒に暮らすために彼女の権利を放棄, 彼女の住宅への権利, と彼女nafaqa権利, 彼女の夫を持つ女性のイスラムの権利は、彼女の生活やメンテナンスのコストを支払う.

博士によれば、. イブラヒムNegm, エジプトアリーGomaa "のグランドマフティにメディアの広報担当者と顧問, ダル·アル·IFTAは、4月にファトワを発行しませんでした. 何が起こったと、記者はアルアズハルのイスラム研究院が昨年公開され、政令のリストでmisyarへの参照を発掘ということでした, 全国で最もイスラムの権威.

問題の判決 (法令ません. 218 4月の 2007) イスラムだけでなく、法的でないもの両方とも結婚の記載されているタイプ - などmut'aとして, ボーイフレンド·ガールフレンド, スワッピングとパートナー. misyarのリスト情報の番号4:

"これは、シャリアの柱と条件を満たして結婚です [イスラム法], と専門家の仲介を通じて公式文書として記録されている. 問題の概要は、この問題は、時に決定したということです - 契約またはそうでなければ - 夫が妻と住んでいないということです, 彼は機会を取得したときが、彼女を訪問. そしてそれはすべてのシャリアの期待に基づいて構築さ結婚である [結婚の], ものを除いて妻はあきらめることに同意します。 "

イスラム教では合法であるように結婚のための4つの要件があります。: 両当事者の同意, マール (新郎から新婦へのプレゼント), 二人の証人の存在, それは公表されていること. 歴史, 男は広範囲に旅行したので、彼の妻と一緒に暮らすことができませんでしたか、絶対に彼女に家を与えるために、財政的手段を持っていないときmisyarはオプションと考えられていた.

インターネットの検索では、少なくとも6つのオンラインmisyar仲人をオンに, メンバーの面で最大のMsyaronline.comいずれかの. Msyaronlineから代表者がインタビューの要求に応答しませんでした, しかしウェブサイトは、結婚、このタイプのを促進する4つの理由を提供しています: "オールドミスと未亡人の数の増加や特殊事情のもの; 共同の妻を持っている女性の拒否, 最初の妻が出て見つけることができないので、男性はmisyar方法を結婚につながる; 自分の状況に調停ハラール喜びを得るための未婚男性の欲望; と結婚の責任とそのコストからいくつかのエスケープ, そしてこの方法が存在 [主として] 若い男性に結婚のこの種を探しています。 "

Alexa.com, ウェブサイトのトラフィックを追跡する, ランクMsyaronline番号 11,550 世界で最も訪問されたサイト間の, 3ヶ月平均に基づいて. そのコンテキストに配置するには, プレス時に, AhlyEgypt.com位にランク 9,056 とAmrKhaled.netにランクされました 6,851. オプラ·ウィンフリーのウェブサイトはランクされました 1,579.

Msyaronlineの訪問者の半分以上は、ちょうど2つの国から来ています: 32.6 percent of visitors are from Saudi Arabia, where it is ranked 441 on the list of most visited sites, while 24.9 percent are from Egypt, where it ranked 612. No more than 5 percent of its visitors come from any other country.

In Islam — according to Sunni scholars — a misyar contract is permissible because it follows all the conditions for marriage. しかし、, says Negm, “a fatwa or decree on the validity of the misyar contract doesn’t mean [Dar Al-Ifta or the Islamic Research Academy] is advocating this type of marriage or that we are presenting it as a way to solve marriage problems in our society. It is not a license to marry this way.”

Many Islamic scholars have actually disallowed the practice of misyar marriage because of its perceived adverse effect on women, families, and societies at large.

Marriage on the Cheap

The proponents of misyar usually offer three reasons why it should be allowed: it allows couples with limited economic means to marry, it is a viable solution for spinsters or divorced women with limited marriage options or those of financial means who do not want a ‘full-time’ husband, and because a woman’s renunciation of her financial rights is only a moral and not a legal commitment, she can change her mind at any time.

しかし、, even Msyaronline admits on the website that misyar marriage is not the “ideal desired picture of marriage, though it is legally correct.”

Costs of marriage, admit misyar opponents, are indeed high. サウジアラビアの, dowries — the sum of money given to women by their fiancées — are so exorbitant that a group of young Saudi men launched a nationwide “Let her become a spinster campaign” this year, boycotting marriage because of the high costs. An average Saudi woman, says an article in the country’s Arab News, usually demands a dowry in the range of SR 50,000 (LE 75,000).

In April 2006, Saudi Arabia’s Islamic Fiqh Academy issued a fatwa saying that misyar was legal and valid. Arab News conducted an informal survey of 30 Saudi men and women regarding misyar: 60 percent of the men surveyed said they would consider misyar for themselves, while 86 percent of the women said they would not consider it. Only four women — all in the over-40 category — said they would.

Ma’aly Al-Faqih, a 29-year-old Saudi woman, believes misyar only compounds problems for Saudi women. “We already have a problem with polygamy because so many men can afford to have a second wife,” says Al-Faqih, a dentist and a TV presenter on a show called Hewar Melawen (Colored Dialogue). “But with misyar, so many more men would re-marry because it’s cheap to do so — they won’t have any financial rights or obligations! — and there’s less chance of their first wives finding out. But there are so many other problems to consider. What if the misyar wife gets pregnant?"

In Egypt, urfi marriage — where a couple signs a secret, unregistered marriage contract — is already stigmatized as a sex license for men who can easily ‘quit’ the marriage with few consequences. The Islamic Research Academy decree lists urfi as haram. Some see misyar as more of the same — a way to shirk responsibilities.

“It’s a great idea,” laughs 42-year-old shoe-shiner Khalid Abdel-Rahman. “It’s like being married without being married. Why would any man choose the hassle of financial burden when they can marry for free?"

No True Choice

That is partly what the Egyptian Center for Women’s Rights (ECWR) fears. In a mid-April press release responding to the news that misyar was halal, the center states: “[Misyar] erodes family values by encouraging infidelity and immorality and facilitates multiple marriages built on secrecy and lies. [その] will lead to a deterioration of the family by opening the door to second marriages dissociated from the structure of the family. 加えて, these marriages are detached from the personal, financial and family duties of both parties and are at the expense of the stability of the first/previous family.”

But what about all the spinsters, ask misyar advocates, who would be marrying of their own free will? According to government statistics, there are currently 9–10 million unmarried women in Egypt over the age of 30.

Not one woman interviewed by Egypt Today was go on record in favor of misyar — perhaps not surprising, given the social stigma attached to it — although one said she would consider it. Thirty-four-year-old beautician Amina, who asked that her real name not be used, says that after her father passed away, she spent her twenties taking care of her four brothers and sisters, unable to leave home. “I’m very old and I’m poor and I’m not beautiful. I haven’t received a suitor in three years. I do want a normal marriage and children, but I don’t think it’s going to happen,” she says. “If a good man offers to marry me the misyar way, I might say yes.”

To get people to register with the website, Misyaronline’s homepage lists screen names and personal ads for 10 women and 10 men who recently signed up. The full database is only available to registered users. According to the posts, the women, who were between 22 と 48 歳, were from Saudi Arabia, エジプト, Morocco and other countries. Among the new additions was ‘Eman,’ a 48-year-old Egyptian widow with older children who is looking for a “respectable man, knowledgeable, who can spend luxuriously on his wife and has a strong personality.”

Alwaleed Adel, owner and founder of Universal Marriage Office, the only marriage counseling and matchmaking office registered with the Ministry of Social Solidarity, rejects the idea of misyar. “It exploits women and it’s naive to say they are choosing this out of choice. Removing her options and saying she chose is no option. [] I bet you very few unmarried, childless women would choose misyar by choice. [] Misyar is a male convenience in a male-dominated country.”

The fear is that, in a country that puts a severe stigma on being unmarried, women who have not married by a certain age would agree to a misyar marriage even though they may have wanted a normal one, says Adel. They would agree to it even though misyar carries the stigma of being a lust-based alliance, tainting a woman’s reputation since it is believed that “she is giving herself away for free, marrying to have sex.”

Yomna Mokhtar, journalist and founder of “Spinsters for Change,” an informal Egyptian group that wants to change the negative attitude about unmarried women, believes this type of marriage is “a balwa soda [a horrible burden].” Unmarried at 27, she says that the pressures to marry are not enough to coerce her into a misyar marriage, ever. “It basically means marriage is only about a sexual relationship — this is what it has been reduced to,” she says. “There is no living together, no affection, no family, no kids, no security. I don’t even recognize this as marriage; if it becomes normal it will ruin the cornerstone of society — the family.”

Adel adds, “The nucleus and brain cell of any society is family and it is already problematic in Egypt. It’s hard enough to force neglectful fathers in normal marriages to fulfill their rights, what will happen to any children born from a misyar marriage?"

The Universal Marriage Office founder, who also has a TV show and appears on the radio once a week to talk about the family, conducted a study in March 2009, surveying 500 random young men ages 25–35 who had never been married. Adel found that 18.7 percent of them said they were not married because of the new updates in the family law that demand too much of them financially — alimony, maintenance, custody etc.

He also quoted a statistic saying the average age of marriage has increased by 50 percent for women and 38 percent for men in one generation.

Ghada El-Bedawi, one of the founding members of Mawada, a non-profit organization that gives courses to young couples beginning their married lives, agrees. “Marriage should be more than this,” she says. “It should be to build a home and generations. Misyar marriage is even worse than mut’a because at least in mut’a we admit it’s just about sex. Misyar tries to pass itself off as respectable. How will sons born of this marriage be raised as responsible, hardworking men who will raise a family? [How will girls] respect themselves as worthy of more than what their mothers settled for?"

In the end, many scholars agree that although misyar sticks to the letter of Islamic law, it does not stick to the spirit of the religion. Islam considers marriage a mithaq, a solemn covenant that should not be undertaken lightly. Negm says that even though the Grand Mufti and the Islamic Research Academy have said that misyar is technically permissible, “it does not mean that we advise the youth to practice it. [] This is an issue where we must open the door to discussion to the sheikhs to discuss the social and human dimensions of its [application]. And only then [can we] release a general fatwa saying whether [misyar] is a potential substitute or solution to problems like lack of housing and spinsterhood, or that it results in bad consequences to the society and family.” Et

クレジットカード上記の情報のための: By Ethar El-Katatney-Egypt Today, 11月 2009, volume 30, issue 11,